As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. Some links on this site are affiliate links at no extra cost to you. Our recommendations are based on thorough research and editorial judgment.

top olive trees 2025

10 Best Flowering Olive Trees to Beautify Your Garden in 2026

For a stunning garden in 2026, consider these top flowering olive trees. Osmanthus Fragrans adds a sweet fragrance with creamy flowers, thriving in zones 7-10. Try Orange Fragrant Tea Olive for vibrant fall blooms, hardy in zones 6-9. Arbequina Olive trees, both from American Plant Exchange and Perfect Plants, offer self-pollination and delicious olives. Each type offers unique attributes to enhance your space. Interested in exploring these options further? There’s more to discover.

Key Takeaways

  • Osmanthus Fragrans offers sweet, fruity fragrances with creamy blooms, perfect for USDA zones 7-10.
  • Orange Fragrant Tea Olive provides vibrant blossoms and withstands temperatures down to -8 °F in zones 6-9.
  • American Plant Exchange Arbequina Olive delivers edible olives early, ideal as a visual garden centerpiece.
  • Perfect Plants Tea Olive adds striking visual impact and is low maintenance, suitable for fragrant hedges or walkways.
  • Flowering olive trees thrive best in well-drained soil and full sun for maximum aromatic garden appeal.

Osmanthus Fragrans Shrub Seeds by MySeeds.Co (0.25 oz)

Osmanthus fragrans (Sweet Olive) Shrub Seeds, Highly Fragrant Creamy White or Yellow Color Tubular...
  • Evergreen Shrub Or Small Tree: Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to East Asia with beautiful, intensely fragrant flowers.
  • Intensely Fragrant Flowers: The small, tubular flowers have a creamy white or yellow color and bloom in clusters with a sweet, fruity, and apricot-like fragrance.
  • Adaptable To Various Conditions: Sweet Olive prefers full sun to partial shade and well-drained, fertile soil. It can tolerate a variety of soil types but thrives in...

If you’re looking for a fragrant addition to your garden, Osmanthus Fragrans Shrub Seeds by MySeeds.Co might just be the perfect choice. This evergreen shrub, often called Sweet Olive, offers creamy white or yellow flowers with a sweet, fruity fragrance. Picture apricots—it’s that delightful! Place it in full sun or partial shade, ensuring the soil is well-drained and fertile. It thrives in moist, humus-rich soils and can handle various types of earth. Hardy in USDA zones 7 to 10, you’ll find it perfect for hedges or specimen planting. Order 0.25 oz (about 35 seeds) to start beautifying your space.

Best For: Home gardeners and landscape enthusiasts seeking an ornamental shrub with a delightful fragrance for USDA zones 7 to 10.

Pros:

  • Intensely fragrant flowers with a sweet, fruity scent akin to apricots.
  • Thrives in a variety of soil conditions, especially well-drained and fertile soils.
  • Versatile for use in hedges, mixed shrub borders, or as a specimen plant.

Cons:

  • Limited to growing in USDA hardiness zones 7 to 10, restricting colder climate use.
  • Requires moist, humus-rich soil for optimal growth, which may not be ideal for all regions.
  • Initial seed quantity may not be sufficient for larger-scale planting.

Orange Fragrant Tea Olive – Live Plants – (1 QT)

Orange Fragrant Tea Olive - Live Plants - (1 QT)
  • It is highly prized in southern U.S. gardens for the deliciously fragrant flowers which are light to bright orange. This variety is exceptionally heavy blooming.
  • Evergreen Asian shrub that can become almost tree-like in mild climates. The leaves are about 3 inches long with small marginal teeth.
  • It is more cold hardy than the species, tolerating temperatures down to -8 °F with little damage. Blooms in the fall. Great for use as a fragrant evergreen hedge, in...

Choosing the right tree for your garden can be tricky, but the Orange Fragrant Tea Olive might just be the perfect fit for you if you adore lush, fragrant blooms. This evergreen Asian shrub reaches 8-10 feet tall and showcases vibrant orange blossoms. It thrives in hardiness zones 6-9 and withstands temps down to -8 °F. Its leaves, about 3 inches long with tiny teeth, add a unique touch. It blooms in fall, filling your garden with delightful fragrance. Plant it as a hedge or specimen in full sun or partial shade, and watch your garden transform beautifully.

Best For: Gardeners seeking a fragrant, evergreen shrub that blooms in the fall and can thrive in hardiness zones 6-9.

Pros:

  • Very fragrant blossoms that enhance garden ambiance.
  • Tolerates cold temperatures down to -8°F, suitable for various climates.
  • Versatile planting options, including use as a hedge or in containers.

Cons:

  • Only blooms in the fall, providing a limited season of flowering.
  • Requires space due to its mature height and width, which may not suit small gardens.
  • May need protection from extreme conditions outside its hardiness zones.

American Plant Exchange Arbequina Olive Tree – Live Fruit Bearing Tree

American Plant Exchange Arbequina Olive Tree – Live 6-Inch Pot, Fruit Bearing Tree, Cold Hardy...
  • Gourmet Home Gardening: Cultivate a taste of the Mediterranean in your own backyard with the Arbequina Olive Tree. This exquisite variety is renowned for its high-quality...
  • Year-Round Bounty: Enjoy a continuous harvest of delectable olives throughout the year. The Arbequina Olive Tree is known for its abundant fruit production, providing you...
  • Elegant Ornamental Appeal: Beyond its culinary value, the Arbequina Olive Tree is a sight to behold. Its slender, silvery-green leaves and gnarled trunk create an...

The American Plant Exchange Arbequina Olive Tree is ideal for gardeners yearning to add a versatile and elegant touch to their outdoor spaces. This live, fruit-bearing tree comes in a 7.5-inch pot and flourishes in USDA zones 7b through 11. If you’ve got full sun and well-drained, sandy soil, you’re in luck. Its graceful, silvery-green leaves and gnarled trunk offer a Mediterranean flair. The tree produces abundant, high-quality olives perfect for homemade olive oil. Just water it moderately every 1-2 weeks, and occasionally prune to maintain its shape. This tree isn’t just functional; it serves as a stunning visual centerpiece.

Best For: Gardeners who desire an aesthetically charming plant suitable for Mediterranean-style gardens or patios and who have the ability to provide full sun exposure and well-drained, sandy soil.

Pros:

  • Produces high-quality olives ideal for homemade olive oil.
  • Thrives in full sun and is drought-tolerant once established.
  • Adds Mediterranean elegance with its slender, silvery-green leaves and gnarled trunk.

Cons:

  • Requires occasional pruning to maintain its ornamental shape and fruit production.
  • Limited to USDA hardiness zones 7b through 11.
  • Moderate watering schedule might not be suitable for forgetful gardeners.

Waipfaru Faux Olive Branches for Decor (3Pcs, 18 Inch)

Waipfaru Faux Olive Branches for Vases, Olive Tree Branches with Lifelike Olives, Artificial...
  • 🌿FULL & REALISTIC: You will receive 3 faux olive branches, each 18 inches tall, with dense 6 stems and 4 olive fruits, which offer real look and natural feel.
  • 🌿FLEXIBLE SILK: Our olive leaves are made of premium silk cloth and fruits are made of optimal foam, which has natural shape and clear texture. Olive branches for...
  • 🌿GET CREATIVE: The olive tree branches are versatile and can be adjusted to your desired length and shape, making them perfect for DIY flower arrangements and wreaths...

You might find Waipfaru Faux Olive Branches are just the thing if you’re looking to add a touch of evergreen charm to your space. These lifelike stems, each 18 inches tall, bring natural elegance with dense leaves and four realistic olive fruits. Crafted from premium silk cloth and superior foam, these branches feel authentic. Inside, an iron wire lets you adjust them easily to suit any arrangement. Use them in vases, mix them with other plants, or craft stunning wreaths. No need for water or sunlight, and they arrive in improved packaging that keeps them fluffy and ready to display.

Best For: Individuals seeking low-maintenance, realistic decor to enhance home or event settings with an evergreen touch.

Pros:

  • Realistic appearance with dense leaves and lifelike olive fruits.
  • Adjustable stems due to the internal iron wire for versatile arrangements.
  • No need for water, sunlight, or fertilizer, reducing maintenance.

Cons:

  • Limited to three pieces, which may not suffice for larger displays.
  • May not provide the fragrance or presence of real olive branches.
  • Limited to 18-inch length, which may not fit larger decorative needs.

PERFECT PLANTS Tea Olive 1 gallon

PERFECT PLANTS Tea Olive 1 gallon
  • Live 1 gallon Tea Olive comes with easy to use plant food and bloom every Spring through summer months with southern sweet-tea fragrant flowers — the electrifying...
  • This fragrant shrub features light-green foliage on thin, shrub-like branches — Tea Olive holds a compact, bush-like frame, complimentary when planted in multiples...
  • This plant loves the sun and would prefer a spot in the landscape that receives full sun exposure and partial shade exposure throughout the day — no pruning necessary...

If you’re on the hunt for a plant that fills your garden with a rejuvenating aroma, the PERFECT PLANTS Tea Olive 1-gallon might be just what you need. It produces fragrant flowers that bloom from spring through summer, emitting a scent reminiscent of Southern Sweet Tea. This live plant features light-green foliage and a compact, bush-like frame. It grows 15-30 feet tall and 15-20 feet wide when mature. For best results, plant it in full sun and partial shade. You don’t need pruning, making maintenance a breeze. Consider planting several along walkways or entrances for a striking visual impact.

Best For: Gardeners and landscapers seeking a low-maintenance plant that offers a strong natural fragrance and adds visual appeal to outdoor spaces.

Pros:

  • Requires no pruning, making it easy to maintain.
  • Blooms with fragrant flowers from spring through summer.
  • Adds visual impact when planted in multiples along walkways or entrances.

Cons:

  • May grow larger than desired space if not monitored.
  • Requires specific sun and shade conditions for optimal growth.
  • Aroma may be too strong for those sensitive to scents.

Perfect Plants Arbequina Olive Live Plant, 2-3ft, Includes Care Guide

Perfect Plants Arbequina Olive Live Plant, 2-3ft, Includes Care Guide
  • 🌿 live 2-3ft Olive tree comes with easy to use plant food and produces edible olives within the first year of planting!
  • 🏠 This tree is self-pollinating and does not require extra maintenance to produce fruit — perfect for planting in garden containers to keep on the patio, front porch...
  • 🌞 Arequipa Olive tree loves the sun & would prefer a spot in the landscape, or planted in a container, that gets full sun exposure throughout the day — This tree is...

Looking for a versatile and resilient olive tree that’s great for beginners and seasoned gardeners alike? The Perfect Plants Arbequina Olive Live Plant is just what you need. It arrives at 2-3 feet tall, ready to flourish in your garden or a well-lit window indoors. This self-pollinating beauty will even bear edible olives within its first year! Plant it in full sun for best growth; it’s drought tolerant once its roots are established. Whether in a garden container, patio, or ground, this tree thrives. Just note, it can’t be shipped to AZ or CA. A care guide guarantees you’re supported every step!

Best For: Beginners and seasoned gardeners who wish to grow a versatile, drought-tolerant olive tree that can thrive both indoors and outdoors.

Pros:

  • Self-pollinating and produces edible olives within the first year.
  • Drought-tolerant after roots are established, reducing maintenance.
  • Suitable for various planting scenarios, including garden containers and patios.

Cons:

  • Cannot be shipped to AZ or CA, limiting availability in those states.
  • Requires full sun exposure for optimal growth, which may be limiting for some indoor settings.
  • May need pruning and regular maintenance to keep its size manageable for indoor use.

Perfect Plants Tea Olive 3 Gallon

Sale
Perfect Plants Tea Olive 3 Gallon
  • Live 3 gallon Tea Olive comes with easy to use plant food and bloom every Spring through summer months with southern sweet-tea fragrant flowers — the electrifying...
  • This fragrant shrub features light-green foliage on thin, shrub-like branches — Tea Olive holds a compact, bush-like frame, complimentary when planted in multiples...
  • This plant loves the sun and would prefer a spot in the landscape that receives full sun exposure and partial shade exposure throughout the day — no pruning necessary...

When thinking about the best flowering olive trees for your garden, the Perfect Plants Tea Olive 3 Gallon stands out for its minimal maintenance and fragrant charm. It’s a lovely shrub with light-green foliage and a compact, bush-like frame. You’ll appreciate its ability to grow quickly, reaching up to 30 feet tall and 20 feet wide. Its pale yellow flowers bloom in spring and summer, releasing a sweet Southern Sweet Tea scent. This plant thrives in full sun and partial shade, ideal for walkways and patios. Plus, there’s no need to prune, and it comes with plant food for easy care.

Best For: Gardeners seeking a low-maintenance, fast-growing shrub with fragrant blooms and a compact, bush-like frame.

Pros:

  • Requires no pruning for a neat and shapely appearance
  • Thrives in both full sun and partial shade
  • Comes with plant food to support growth and flowering

Cons:

  • May require ample space due to mature width and height
  • Pale yellow flowers may not stand out against some garden backdrops
  • Fragrance might not appeal to everyone’s senses

Artificial Olive Tree, 6FT Tall with Pot for Home Office Decor

VIVATREES Artificial Olive Tree, 6FT Tall Faux Olive Tree with Pot, Artificial Plants with Natural...
  • ✅ Planter Included - Our olive tree comes with a Black Planter. The artificial Olive tree is pre-assembled in a sturdy plastic planter for easy placement and care.
  • ✅Easy Maintenance - No sunlight,No watering, No pruning, No fertilizer required, the faux plants tall is an ideal room decoration for people who love plant but don’t...
  • ✅Lifelike Artificial Plant - Realistic looking plant with vibrant colors, and true to life texture details.The olive trees artificial indoor are lifelike, when it is...

Artificial olive trees are a game-changer for anyone who wants a touch of nature without all the fuss. The 6FT Faux Olive Tree from VIVATREES adds charm to any space because it never needs sunlight or water. With its natural wood trunk and lifelike fruits, it looks incredibly real. You simply place it in your living room, office, or even a shopping mall, and enjoy the vibrant green without the effort. Weighing only 7.03 pounds and measuring 72″ by 30″ by 30″, it’s easy to move. Give it as a thoughtful gift for housewarmings or holidays; it’s always a hit.

Best For: Individuals seeking low-maintenance decor that offers a natural and vibrant look without the need for sunlight or watering.

Pros:

  • Lifelike appearance with natural wood trunk and fruits.
  • Requires no maintenance like watering or pruning.
  • Lightweight and easy to move, perfect for versatile placement.

Cons:

  • Limited to one color/design option, may not suit all decor themes.
  • Some may prefer the authenticity of real plants.
  • Not suitable for outdoor use where exposure to elements is a factor.

Gardenera Organic Plant Food for Olive Trees (8oz)

Premium Liquid Olive Tree Plant Fertilizer - 3-1-2 Concentrate for Indoor Plants and Flowers by...
  • 🌳 OLIVE OPULENCE: Specifically formulated for indoor olive trees, our 3-1-2 Liquid Fertilizer Concentrate provides the ideal balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, and...
  • 🍃 PURELY ORGANIC: Trust in the integrity of our blend. Made from all-natural ingredients, our fertilizer nourishes your olive tree without the introduction of any...
  • 🌟 FRUITFUL FUTURE: When properly cared for with our blend, your indoor olive tree has the potential to produce those iconic olives, bridging the gap between ornamental...

For those nurturing the best flowering olive trees in your garden, Gardenera Organic Plant Food stands out as an exceptional choice. It’s a 3-1-2 liquid concentrate, great for your olive trees’ indoor needs. This all-natural formula strengthens roots, enhancing lush, vibrant foliage. You’ll find it aids in fruit production, too. To use, mix one teaspoon of the concentrate with a gallon of water. Apply it every other time you water your plants. Crafted in the USA, it upholds superior quality with no synthetic additives, preserving that Mediterranean essence. Simply put, it’s your go-to solution for healthy, flourishing olive trees.

Best For: Indoor gardeners seeking to enhance the growth and fruit production of olive trees with an all-natural, organic plant food solution.

Pros:

  • Supports vibrant foliage and optimal growth with a 3-1-2 nutrient blend.
  • Strengthens roots for resilience in indoor environments, improving stability.
  • Crafted from all-natural, organic materials with no synthetic additives, preserving Mediterranean essence.

Cons:

  • Requires precise mixing (1 teaspoon per gallon) for correct nutrient delivery.
  • Needs application during every alternate watering, which may require scheduling.
  • Specifically formulated for olive trees, limiting use for other plant types.

Fragrant Tea Olive ( osmanthus fragrans ) – Trade Gallon

Fragrant Tea Olive ( osmanthus fragrans ) - Trade Gallon
  • Blossoms of the hardy tea Olive are visually inconsequential, but their impact can be significant
  • The strong fragrance can be smelled from several hundred feet away. Tiny White flowers bloom in clusters along the stems
  • Sweet Olive blooms during the cool season. Expect it to bloom in late fall and again in early spring.

If you’re seeking an olive tree that marries beauty with fragrance, the Fragrant Tea Olive (Osmanthus fragrans) is a superb choice for your garden. Imagine this: it grows to a mature height of 10-15 feet and stretches 8-10 feet wide. Plant it in hardiness zones 7-9. It loves the sun but doesn’t mind some shade. In late fall and early spring, it offers tiny white flowers along the stems. Their fragrance is impressive, detectable from several hundred feet away. It arrives in a trade gallon pot, though flowers aren’t guaranteed immediately. Yet, its unmistakable fragrance makes it worthwhile.

Best For: Gardeners in hardiness zones 7-9 who appreciate fragrant plants and can provide sun to partial shade exposure.

Pros:

  • Impressive fragrance detectable from a distance.
  • Blooms in cooler seasons, adding seasonal interest.
  • Can grow to a substantial size, providing visual appeal.

Cons:

  • Flowers are not guaranteed immediately upon purchase.
  • Requires specific hardiness zones (7-9) for optimal growth.
  • May need protection from extreme weather conditions outside its preferred zones.

Factors to Consider When Choosing a Flowering Olive Tree

light soil watering climate

When you’re choosing a flowering olive tree for your garden, consider the ideal light exposure first. If your garden doesn’t get full sun, opt for a variety that thrives in partial shade, like the Fragrant Tea Olive. Remember to account for soil types, watering needs, and whether your climate can handle temperatures that drop below freezing; some trees tolerate cold poorly while others are more resilient.

Ideal Light Exposure

As you consider planting a flowering olive tree, understanding the right light exposure is essential. These trees love full sun to partial shade, needing 6 to 8 hours of direct sunlight daily. Without enough light, they might not bloom fully, and their health can suffer due to insufficient photosynthesis. Even though some trees survive in lower light, they tend to have fewer flowers and less fragrance—hardly what you’d want in your garden. Acquire adequate sunlight to promote strong structures and lush foliage for better aesthetics. If they’re too shaded, flowering olives can become leggy with thin stems and sparse leaves. So, pick a bright spot and watch these trees thrive, bringing beauty to your garden.

Soil and Water Needs

Flowering olive trees thrive in well-drained soils rich with organic matter. You want soil that doesn’t hold too much water, preventing root rot. Check your soil’s pH, aiming for 6.0 to 8.0, which guarantees your tree gets the nutrients it needs. When you plant a new tree, water it moderately but keep the soil moist as it establishes itself. Once the tree’s settled, it’ll handle a bit of drought, but don’t go overboard—balance is key. Too much water can be just as harmful as too little.

Consider mulching around your tree’s base. Mulch helps retain moisture, giving your tree a steady drink while reducing weeds. Keep this in mind, and your flowering olive tree will flourish beautifully.

Temperature Tolerance

Choosing the right flowering olive tree for your garden can greatly depend on how well it handles temperature fluctuations. You’ll need to take into account your local USDA hardiness zone to make sure your tree thrives. Osmanthus fragrans is a reliable choice for zones 7 to 10, able to tolerate cold snaps down to about 0°F. However, if you live in a chillier region, the Orange Fragrant Tea Olive might be your best bet, enduring temperatures as low as -8°F. Most flowering olive trees prefer milder climates without extreme cold or frost, which can harm new growth and blossoms. By knowing each tree’s temperature tolerance, you’ll increase its chances of flourishing in your garden for years to come.

Fragrance Intensity

Fragrance carries a magical allure that can transform your garden into a sensory haven. When choosing flowering olive trees like Osmanthus fragrans, you’ll notice their intensely fragrant flowers make a sweet, apricot-like aroma. This fragrance can drift hundreds of feet, enveloping your outdoor space in a delightful scent. Flowering intensity varies with blooming seasons; some emit stronger smells in late fall or early spring when cooler weather prevails. These small, tubular flowers gather in clusters, amplifying their aromatic impact when they’re in full bloom. Selecting a variety with a robust scent will naturally enhance your garden’s appeal. So, if you’re aiming for a naturally perfumed garden, think about the specific variety and its blooming season to achieve that effect.

Decorative Uses

When you’re planning your garden, considering decorative uses of flowering olive trees is key. These trees, like Osmanthus fragrans, are perfect as specimen plants because they have striking looks and fragrant blooms. You can use them to create beautiful fragrant hedges along walkways or borders, providing both visual appeal and delightful aromas. Their attractive foliage and flowers make them great focal points, complementing other plants or your garden’s architectural features. Whether in residential gardens, commercial landscapes, or public parks, flowering olive trees add visual interest and versatility. Their fragrant flowers offer a sensory experience, enriching your garden atmosphere. By choosing the right flowering olive tree, you’ll elevate your garden’s decorative charm with minimal effort.

Maintenance Level

If you’re like me and want a garden that thrives with minimal effort, the maintenance level of flowering olive trees should be a priority on your list. These trees need little care, making them perfect for busy gardeners. For instance, tea olives don’t require regular pruning. Just water them well during the early stages until roots establish; then, they’re hardy against drought. Fertilize every other watering for better growth and fruit. Ascertain they get direct sunlight for robust health. Though pest control may be necessary, most olives resist pests, needing just occasional checks. With these trees, you’ll have an easy-care garden that blooms beautifully, letting you enjoy your space without constant upkeep.

Growth Size and Form

Looking at the maintenance needs, it’s clear that the size and shape of your flowering olive tree are also essential for a well-suited garden addition. Flowering olive trees can grow anywhere from 8 to 30 feet tall and 3 to 20 feet wide. When choosing a tree, consider your space. Do you want a compact, bush-like form or a tall, slender tree? Potting affects growth, too. Trees in containers may stay smaller, while those planted directly in the ground can reach their full potential. Prune regularly to maintain your desired shape and height. Remember, soil, light, and water set the scene for growth. Good conditions lead to strong trees. Measure your space and decide wisely.

Frequently Asked Questions

Do Flowering Olive Trees Attract Pollinators Like Bees and Butterflies?

Flowering olive trees do attract pollinators, such as bees and butterflies. You’ll see these insects buzzing around when the trees bloom with small, delicate flowers. They thrive in full sun with moderate water, and temperatures ranging from 65°F to 80°F. Make certain they get 1 inch of water per week during dry spells. By picking the right planting spot, you’ll notice more pollinator activity, which is great for your garden.

Can Flowering Olive Trees Thrive Indoors With Proper Care?

Yes, flowering olive trees can thrive indoors with proper care. Start by placing your tree in a sunny spot; it needs at least six hours of direct sunlight daily. Use a well-draining potting mix, keeping the soil moderately moist. Water when the top inch is dry, and guarantee the room is between 65°F and 75°F. Consider some light pruning to maintain shape, and don’t forget occasional fertilization during growing months for peak growth.

How Much Watering Do Flowering Olive Trees Require in Dry Climates?

You’ve got a flowering olive tree in a dry climate, so how much water does it really need? Generally, aim for one deep watering about once a week. You want about an inch of water each time. When the soil dries out to about 2-3 inches deep, it’s time to water again. During hotter months, increase frequency. Avoid overwatering since olive trees prefer well-drained soil. Remember, they’re quite drought-tolerant once established.

Are There Any Native Pests That Commonly Affect Flowering Olive Trees?

You’ve got to watch out for olive fruit flies and scale insects on flowering olive trees. These pests can cause damage, especially in coastal and warm regions. Regularly inspect your trees. Use sticky traps for olive fruit flies and apply horticultural oil for scale infestations. Check leaves and branches weekly. Maintain healthy tree conditions with consistent watering, avoiding over-fertilization. This process guarantees your trees stay robust and flourishing. Keep an eye on temperature variances.

What Are the Ideal Soil Conditions for Planting Flowering Olive Trees?

You’ll want well-drained soil with a sandy or loamy texture for flowering olive trees. They thrive in soil with a pH of 6.0 to 8.5, which you can check with a simple soil test kit. Adding organic matter like compost helps improve drainage and nutrient content. It’s essential to guarantee soil doesn’t compact, as olive tree roots prefer breathing space. Good drainage prevents waterlogging, which can lead to root rot.